Relative Pronouns

Karşımıza, Relative Clauses ya da Adjective Clauses diye de çıkabilirler.

Relative Cluase’lar şunlardır: Who, which, that, where, when, whose, whom, why.
”Who” insanları, “Which” nesneleri, “Where” yerleri, “When” zamanı, “Whose” aitliği, “Whom” insan olan nesneleri, “Why” ise sebebi bildirir.

Who

İnsanlar hakkında bilgi verirken kullanılır.
”Komşum olan Ted bir avukat.” cümlesi aslında iki cümleden oluşur.
Ted bir avukat. / Ted benim komşum.
Ted, who is my lawyer, is my neighbor.
Ted, who is my neighbor, is a lawyer.

EXAMPLE

The bartender who served us was actually a very kind man.
The writer, who wrote more than ten books, recieved fame only two years before his death.
Our teacher who is never late for a lesson has missed two lessons, so he must be sick.
The officer who signed our papers seemed to know what he was doing.
We met many people last week who were from the Basque region in Spain.
She is the girl who won the competition.
He is the man who fixed my car yesterday.
The dog who barked all night belongs to my neighbor.
The woman who lives next door is a famous artist.
I know a teacher who always makes learning fun.
The chef who cooked our dinner is world-renowned.
The athlete who broke the record trained for years.
The author who wrote this book is coming to town.
The scientist who discovered the cure received a Nobel Prize.
The child who solved the puzzle was applauded by everyone.
The actor who starred in that movie is incredibly talented.
The musician who performed at the concert amazed the audience.
The engineer who designed this bridge used groundbreaking techniques.
The entrepreneur who founded the company started with very little.
The explorer who mapped the island shared fascinating stories.
The researcher who conducted the study uncovered surprising results.
The politician who proposed the reform gained widespread support.
The artist who painted this masterpiece combined different styles creatively.
The journalist who exposed the scandal won several awards for bravery.

The philanthropist who donated millions to education has changed countless lives.

Relative Pronun'lar, niteleyecekleri sözcükten hemen sonra gelirler.

Komşum olan Ted, her Pazar çimlerini biçer.
Ted, who is my neighbour, mows his lawn everyday.

Komşum olan Ted, arka bahçesine yeni bir ağaç dikmiş.
Ted, who is my neighbour, has planted a new tree in his backyard.

Bazı durumlarda, bazı kelimeler, Relative Pronoun'lar ile niteledikleri şeyin arasına girebilirler. Bu durumda cümleler hatalı olmaz fakat başka şekilde kurmak daha mantıklı olur.

I called Ted yesterday, who is a lawyer. Bu cümlenin yerine, aşağıdaki şekilde yazabiliriz.
Yesterday, I called Ted, who is a lawyer.

Whom

İnsan olan nesneler için kullanılır.
”Whom”, nesne durumunda bulunan insanlar için kullanılır. “Who” ile karıştırılması oldukça muhtemeldir. Eğer bir şekilde karıştırıyorsak, “who” kullanmamız daha güvenli olacaktır.

"My, your, his, her, its, our, their" gibi aitlik sıfatları geçiyorsa, "whose"; "Him, her, them" gibi nesne zamirleri geçiyorsa da whom kullanırız.

The cousin whom we met at the family reunion is coming to visit.
(Reword: We met him at the family reunion.)

The agent with whom I spoke was able to help me.
(Reword: I spoke with her.)

The people who just boarded the plane are in a rock band.
(Reword: They just boarded the plane.)

EXAMPLE

He saw the kind faces of those whom he loved.
You may go and kill whom you please, but I don’t want to do so anymore!
I don’t care to whom you’ve betrayed me.
This charcoal man, whom I know very well, ran past me with a child in his arms.
Whom will you send for?
To whom did you apply?
Whom are they firing at?
With whom am I speaking?
She is the woman whom I met at the conference.
The teacher whom the students admire most is retiring this year.
I spoke to the manager whom you recommended for the job.
He is the person whom I trust with all my secrets.
The doctor whom we consulted was highly knowledgeable.
The author, whom many critics regard as a genius, has published another bestseller.
The student whom the professor praised during the lecture looked delighted.
The guests, whom we invited weeks ago, finally arrived.
The artist, whom they commissioned for the mural, has an impressive portfolio.
The candidate whom the company selected for the position has extensive experience.
The lawyer, whom the client hired for the case, is known for her expertise in criminal law.
The director, whom the audience applauded after the screening, delivered an inspiring speech.
The scientist, whom the committee honored with a prestigious award, has made groundbreaking discoveries.
The patient, whom the medical team treated for weeks, finally recovered fully.
The diplomat, whom the president entrusted with the negotiations, successfully brokered a peace deal.
The teacher, whom the students often turn to for guidance, is admired for her wisdom and kindness.
The historian, whom the museum invited to deliver a lecture, captivated the audience with his insights.
The photographer, whom the magazine hired for the special feature, captured stunning images of wildlife.
The activist, whom the community supported wholeheartedly, led a movement for social change.
The philanthropist, whom the foundation recognized for his extraordinary contributions, continues to inspire others with his generosity.

Which

Objeler için kullanılır.

O, on farklı girişi olan, epey pahalı bir televizyon.
That television, which is really pricy, has ten different inputs.
That is a really privy television, which has ten different inputs.

EXAMPLE

Tornado, which is a very dangerous and destructive natural phenomenon, requires immediate evacuation.
Paper, which is a wood product, is one of the reasons why people are destroying the forests.
I read a book which was about space and decided to be an astronaut.
Wool can be used to make many garments which can be used in any climate.
My red dress got ruined by coffee which was left on the table by my brother.
Darkness is scary for some people, which makes sense as you don’t know what is out there in a dark place.
Bird can fly for hours without landing, which has amazed mankind throughout the history.
The weather has been terrible recently, which trapped the locals in their houses.

"Who" ve "Which" yerine, "That"i de kullanabiliyoruz.

That

Son sınıf öğrencisi olması gereken iki gönüllüye ihtiyacım var.
I need two volunteers that need to be seniors.

Çatı arasında saklı olan eski bir sandık buldum.
I have found an old chest that was hidden in the attic.

EXAMPLE

This is the car that I bought last week.
He is the boy that helped me with my homework.
The book that you lent me is very interesting.
She wore the dress that she bought in Paris.
The dog that barked all night belongs to our neighbor.
The house that we visited yesterday has a beautiful garden.
The movie that we watched last night was thrilling.
The cake that she baked for the party was delicious.
The man that fixed my computer did an excellent job.
The company that I work for is expanding rapidly.
The team that won the championship trained hard for months.
The song that she sang at the concert moved everyone to tears.
The research that they conducted provided groundbreaking results.
The novel that he is reading is a historical drama.
The project that they completed ahead of schedule impressed the client.
The machine that was invented by the engineer revolutionized the industry.
The organization that he founded supports underprivileged children worldwide.
The idea that they proposed during the meeting sparked an engaging discussion.
The documentary that we watched last night highlighted critical environmental issues.
The building that was destroyed in the fire is now being reconstructed with modern technology.

Where

Yerler için kullanılır.

İngiltere, benim doğduğum ülkedir.
England is the country where I was born.

Sürekli yağmurun yağdığı İngiltere’de yaşamak istemem.
I do not want to leave in England where it rains constantly.

Burası, kazanın olduğu kavşak.
This is the junction where the accident took place.

EXAMPLE

This is the house where I live.
The park where we play is beautiful.
She visited the city where her grandparents were born.
That’s the school where I learned to read.
Do you know the restaurant where they serve the best pizza?
The library where he studies every day is very quiet.
They went to the beach where they spent their summer holiday last year.
The shop where I bought my coat is having a sale.
The hotel where we stayed had an amazing view of the sea.
The mountain where they went hiking is covered in snow now.
The garden where the wedding took place was decorated with lights and flowers.
The neighborhood where she grew up has changed a lot over the years.
The forest where we camped last weekend is known for its rare wildlife.
That’s the museum where the artist’s most famous painting is displayed.
He showed me the place where he had his first job as a teenager.
The university where she studied for her master’s degree is highly prestigious.
The cafe where we had lunch yesterday is famous for its homemade desserts.
The town where the festival is held every year attracts visitors from all over the country.
The island where they spent their honeymoon is a popular tourist destination.
The small village where the film was shot has become a major tourist attraction because of its breathtaking scenery and unique architecture.

Eğer nerede sorusuna cevap veriyorsak, "where" kullanırız ama "hangi" sorusuna cevap veriyorsak, "which" kullanırız.

Bu, Shakespeare’in hayatıyla ilgili bilgi edinebileceğin bir makale.
This is an artcle where you can learn about Shakespeare’s life.

Burası, meydan zannedilen kavşak.
This is the junction which is mistaken with a square.

İngiltere, Euro kullanmayan bir ülkedir.
England is a country which doesn’t use the Euro.

Bazı durumlarda, örneğin: Indefinite Pronouns kullandığıımız durumlarda, iki kere yazmak sıkıntı olabileceğinden, Relative Pronuns kullanmayabiliyoruz ya da "that" kullanabiliyoruz.

Buluşabileceğimiz bir yer biliyor musun?
Do you know somewhere that we can meet?

O kitabı bulabileceğimiz hiçbir yer yok.
There is nowhere you can find that book.

"In which" kalıbı, "Where" ile neredeyse aynı şekilde kullanılabiliyor.

A desert is a vast land in which one can easily get lost.
Çöl, insanın içinde kolayca kaybolabileceği, uçsuz bucaksız bir alandır.

When

Zamanlar için kullanılır.

1979, benim doğduğum yıldır.
1979 is the year when I was born.

İnsanların, birbirine saygı duyduğu zamanlar vardı.
There were times when people used to respect each other.

EXAMPLE

This is the moment when I felt truly happy.
I remember the day when we first met.
There was a time when everything seemed perfect.
Do you remember the year when you graduated?
The summer when they traveled across Europe was unforgettable.
The evening when the power went out unexpectedly was quite eventful.
She will never forget the moment when he proposed to her under the stars.
The day when we moved into our new house brought both excitement and challenges.
There was a period when I struggled to find a job that matched my qualifications.
He recalls the night when he witnessed a meteor shower that lit up the entire sky.
The week when we visited Paris was filled with unforgettable adventures and cultural discoveries.
The month when the cherry blossoms bloom transforms the city into a breathtaking spectacle.
The century when the Renaissance began was characterized by profound intellectual and artistic growth.
The exact time when the earthquake struck is meticulously documented in history books.
The decade when technology advanced rapidly marked the onset of the digital revolution that reshaped modern society.
That was the pivotal moment when everything we thought we knew was called into question, leading to a complete reevaluation of our plans.
The season when the leaves fall in vibrant shades of red, orange, and gold symbolizes the beauty of transition and change.
The year when the company was founded, amid economic turmoil, became the cornerstone for its legacy of innovation and resilience.
The day when we celebrated her milestone birthday, surrounded by friends, family, and heartfelt speeches, remains a cherished memory etched in time.
The winter when the unprecedented snowstorm paralyzed the city for weeks, leaving us to rely on our resourcefulness, taught us invaluable lessons about endurance and community spirit.

Eğer bir zaman, nesne ya da benzeri bir şekilde kullanılırsa, "which" ya da "that" kullanılır.

Pazartesi, haftanın günlerinden çıkartılması gereken bir gündür.
Monday is a day which should be removed from the days of the week.

"On which" kalıbı, "When" ile neredeyse aynı şekilde kullanılabiliyor.

On kasım, sabah 09.05, Türkiye’de hayatın tam anlamı ile durduğu andır.
November 10th, 09.05 AM is the moment on which the life in Turkey literally stops.

"My, your, his, her, its, our, their" gibi aitlik sıfatları geçiyorsa, "whose" kullanırız.

Whose

Aitlik bildirmek için kullanlır.

Köpeği Bloodhound olan yaşlı adam bir avcı.
The old man, whose dog is a bloodhound, is a hunter.

Al Pacino, filmleri tüm dünyada izlenilen bir aktör.
Al Pacino is an actor whose films are watched all over the world.

Onlar, sığırları hastalanan çiftçiler.
They are the farmers whose cattle got sick.

Dişleri jilet kadar keskin bir balık tarafından ısırıldı.
He was bitten by a fish whose teeth were sharp as a razor.

EXAMPLE

This is the boy whose dog ran away.
I met a woman whose smile was unforgettable.
The book whose cover is torn belongs to the library.
She has a friend whose mother is a famous artist.
We visited the house whose garden is full of beautiful roses.
I admire the teacher whose lessons are both inspiring and challenging.
The company whose products are renowned worldwide is headquartered here.
They adopted a cat whose previous owner could no longer care for it.
The scientist whose discovery revolutionized medicine was awarded a prestigious prize.
He is the man whose dedication to his work has earned him universal respect.
The family whose car broke down on the highway received help from a kind stranger.
The author whose latest novel became a bestseller is hosting a book signing event.
We attended a lecture by a professor whose groundbreaking research changed the field of physics.
She spoke about a friend whose courage in the face of adversity inspired everyone around her.
The castle, whose walls date back to the medieval era, stands as a testament to history.
The artist, whose work blends surrealism with realism, has captivated audiences worldwide.
The musician, whose compositions resonate with profound emotion, performed in front of a sold-out audience.
The organization, whose mission is to combat climate change, has initiated numerous global campaigns.
The family, whose ancestral home was destroyed in the war, rebuilt their lives with remarkable resilience.
The philanthropist, whose generous donations have funded countless educational programs, continues to support transformative projects around the globe.
Maldives where tourisim industry provides the people with income is very popular for honeymoons.
The place where they burried the puppy has turned green now. It is covered in grass.
The village where only twenty peasants live will be turned into a tourism centre.
The factory where a thousand people worked has been shut down.

Why

Sebep bildirmek için kullanlır.

Bankamatikten para çekme sebebim, hiç paramın olmamasıydı.
The reason why I withdrew some money from the ATM was, I had no cash.

Onun neden bu kadar üzgün olduğunu biliyor musun?
Do you know the reason why she is so sad?

Bugünlerde havanın bu kadar soğuk olmasının sebebi, yaklaşan kar yağışları.
The reason why the weather is so cold nowadays is the upcoming snowfall.

EXAMPLE

This is the reason why I decided to leave early.
I don’t understand why she was upset.
Can you explain why the project was delayed?
He asked why they didn’t join the meeting.
The teacher explained why the test results were important.
The story revealed why the character chose to disappear.
Nobody knows why the ancient civilization suddenly vanished.
She questioned why the company refused to disclose the information.
The scientist explained why certain species are more adaptable to climate change.
The author described why the protagonist struggled with their identity throughout the novel.
They couldn’t comprehend why the community rejected such a beneficial proposal.
The committee investigated why the budget was exceeded by such a large margin.
The documentary explored why some traditions have persisted for centuries despite societal changes.
The report clarified why the new policy failed to achieve its intended goals.
He elaborated on why the economic crisis had such a widespread impact across multiple industries.
The historian discussed why the war had such a profound influence on the political landscape of the time.
She wrote an essay explaining why technological advancements often come with ethical dilemmas.
The philosopher questioned why human beings seek meaning in the face of uncertainty.
The research paper examined why urbanization contributes significantly to environmental degradation over time.
The debate centered around why some nations prioritize economic growth over sustainable development, highlighting complex global challenges.

Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Basitçe, eğer virgül kullanmamız gerekiyorsa, Non-Defining Relative Clause diyebiliriz. Eğer virgül kullanmıyorsak, Defining Relative Clause olur.

Türkiye’nin başkomutanı, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1881 yılında doğmuştur.
The commander of chief in Turkey, who is Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was born in 1881

Ted who is a lawyer is my neighbour. (Birden çok Ted var ve ben avukat olanından bahsediyorum.)
Ted, who is a lawyer, is my neighbour. (Tek bir Ted var be karşımdaki kişi hemen kimden bahsettiğimi anlıyor.)

The cars, which were imported Germany, have arrived today. None-Defining
Almanya’dan ithal edilen arabalar, bugün geldi. (Bütün arabalar Almanya’dan geldi.)

My mother, who is forty-five years old, took up an English course. None-Defining
Kırk beş yaşında olan annem, bir İngilizce kursuna yazıldı. (Eğer virgül koymazsak “Birden çok annem var ve kırk beş yaşında olan İngilizce kursuna yazıldı” anlamına gelir.)

Non-Defining Relative Clause cümlelerinde, "that" koymak çok mantıklı olmaz.

Uzun cümleleri birleştirirken, “which” kullanabiliriz.

The weather has been terribly hot for the past three days.
This makes it impossible to go out at noon.

The weather has been terribly hot for the past three days, which makes it impossible to go out at noon.

Prepositional Relative Clauses (YAZMA BEKLENİYOR KULLANMA)

EXAMPLE

Bazılarını okumadığım bir sürü kitabım var.
I have a lot of books, some of which I have never read.

Tamamı son sınıf öğrencisi olan birkaç gönüllüye ihtiyacı var.
She needs a few volunteers, all of whom must be seniors.

Sorunlarından bir tanesi yetersiz otopark yerleri olan bir mahallede yaşıyoruz.
We live in a neighbourhood, one of whose problems is insufficient parking spaces.

Relative Pronoun’ları Cümleden Çıkarma (Reduction)

Bu konunun daha detaylı bir şekilde anlatımı, Reduction KULLANMA - ÇOK KARIŞIK kısmında var.